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Recurrent acute otitis media: a survey of current management in England
- T Hampton, E Whitehall, C Beasley, K Stevens, N Lowe, E Hogg, J Bhat, H Emerson, M Krishnan, S Sharma
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 135 / Issue 10 / October 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 September 2021, pp. 855-857
- Print publication:
- October 2021
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Objective
Recurrent acute otitis media is common in children. The preferred treatment measures for recurrent acute otitis media have a mixed evidence base. This study sought to assess baseline practice across ENT departments in England.
MethodsA national telephone survey of healthcare staff was conducted. Every ENT centre in England was contacted. A telephone script was used to ask about antibiotic and grommet use and duration in recurrent acute otitis media cases.
ResultsNinety-six centres (74 per cent) provided complete information. Recurrent acute otitis media treatment across England by ENT departments varied. The antibiotic first- and second-line prophylaxis offered varies, with trimethoprim used in 33 centres and 29 centres not offering any antibiotics. The timing or choice about when to use grommets also varies, but 87 centres (91 per cent) offer grommet surgery at one stage.
ConclusionThe treatments received by children in England for recurrent acute otitis media vary by centre; collaborative research in this area is advised.
The impact of radical parotidectomy with immediate facial nerve reconstruction: a quality-of-life measure
- N Subramaniam, E Luu, R Asher, J Oates, J R Clark, T-H Low
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 135 / Issue 9 / September 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 July 2021, pp. 804-809
- Print publication:
- September 2021
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Objective
Immediate facial nerve reconstruction is the standard of care following radical parotidectomy; however, quality of life comparisons with those undergoing limited superficial parotidectomy without facial nerve sacrifice is lacking.
MethodPatients who underwent parotidectomy were contacted to determine quality of life using the University of Washington Quality of Life and Parotidectomy Specific Quality of Life questionnaires. A total of 29 patients (15 in the radical parotidectomy and 14 in the limited superficial parotidectomy groups) completed and returned questionnaires.
ResultsUsing the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire, similar quality of life was noted in both groups, with the radical parotidectomy group having significantly worse speech and taste scores. Using the Parotidectomy Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, the radical parotidectomy group reported significantly worse speech, eye symptoms and eating issues.
ConclusionThose undergoing radical parotidectomy with reconstruction had comparable overall quality of life with the limited superficial parotidectomy group. The Parotidectomy Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire better identified subtle quality of life complaints. Eye and oral symptoms remain problematic, necessitating better rehabilitation and more focused reconstructive efforts.
Patterns of middle-ear cholesteatoma and implications for surgical approach
- Y Yu, J See, J H Ng, D Low, T Y Tan, H W Yuen
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 134 / Issue 2 / February 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 January 2020, pp. 116-120
- Print publication:
- February 2020
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Objectives
Understanding the pattern of middle-ear cholesteatoma becomes pertinent with the rise of endoscopic surgery as surgeons decide on the optimal approach to visualise and extirpate disease. With modifications to the Telmesani attic–tympanum–mastoid staging system, this study aimed to evaluate the commonest patterns of middle-ear cholesteatoma and their implications for surgical approach.
MethodsA retrospective study was conducted in a single tertiary institution in Singapore. All patients undergoing cholesteatoma surgery between January 2012 and June 2015 were included. Staging of cholesteatoma was based on clinical assessment corroborated by radiological findings.
ResultsOut of the 55 ears included, 98.2 per cent had cholesteatoma involving the attic. The disease extended into the mastoid antrum and beyond in 43 cases (78.2 per cent). The facial recess and/or sinus tympanum was affected in 26 cases (47.3 per cent).
ConclusionThe majority of cholesteatoma cases present with extensive attic disease and significant mastoid involvement. In these cases, endoscopes may be best suited to adjunctive rather than exclusive use in surgery.
Modified Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: a Pilot Trial
- Sephora H. Rodgers, Robert Schütze, Natalie Gasson, Rebecca A. Anderson, Robert T. Kane, Sergio Starkstein, Katherine Morgan-Lowes, Sarah J. Egan
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- Journal:
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy / Volume 47 / Issue 4 / July 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 January 2019, pp. 446-461
- Print publication:
- July 2019
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Background: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has evidence of efficacy in a range of populations, but few studies to date have reported on MBCT for treatment of anxious and depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Aims: The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of modified MBCT in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression and improving quality of life in PD. Method: Thirty-six individuals with PD were randomly assigned to either modified MBCT or a waitlist control. Changes in symptoms of anxiety, depression and quality of life were compared at group level using generalized linear mixed models and at individual level using reliable change analysis. Results: At post-treatment, there was a significant reduction in depressive symptoms for people undertaking modified MBCT at both group and individual levels compared with controls. There was no significant effect on anxiety or quality of life at the group level, although significantly more people had reliable improvement in anxiety after modified MBCT than after waitlist. Significantly more waitlist participants had reliable deterioration in symptoms of anxiety and depression than those completing modified MBCT. Most participants stayed engaged in modified MBCT, with only three drop-outs. Discussion: This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential efficacy of modified MBCT as a treatment for depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease and suggests further research is warranted.
Two-dimensional flow past bluff flexible membranes of low porosity
- H. T. Low, B. G. Newman
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- Journal:
- The Aeronautical Journal / Volume 90 / Issue 898 / October 1986
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 July 2016, pp. 313-334
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This paper considers two-dimensional flow past flexible membranes whose supports are aligned at right angles to the flow. Unlike a previous study of bluff impervious membranes, the present membranes are slightly porous having a porosity similar to that of parachutes. The drag and base pressure have been measured for various lengths and for a variety of fabrics. The results have been correlated by two theories which are extensions of those already published. When the porosity is not too small the results are shown to depend only on the total volume flow through the membrane. The tendency for the membrane to oscillate in harmony with regular vortex shedding is reduced by the porosity and increased by the length of the membrane. Above a certain porosity oscillation is inhibited for all membrane lengths.
A.06 Ataluren: an overview of clinical trial results in nonsense mutation Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (nmDMD)
- CM McDonald, K Bushby, M Tulinius, R Finkel, H Topaloglu, JW Day, K Flanigan, L Lowes, M Eagle, X Luo, G Elfring, H Kroger, P Riebling, T Ong, R Spiegel, SW Peltz
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 43 / Issue S2 / June 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 June 2016, p. S8
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Background: Ataluren is the first drug to treat the underlying cause of nmDMD. Methods: Phase 2 and 3 studies of ataluren in nmDMD were reviewed, with efficacy and safety/tolerability findings summarized. Results: Ataluren nmDMD trials include: a Phase 2a proof-of-concept study (N=38); a Phase 2b randomized controlled trial (RCT) (N=174); an ongoing US-based open-label safety extension study (N=108); an ongoing non-US-based open-label safety/efficacy extension study (N=94); and a Phase 3 RCT, ACT DMD (N=228), whose primary endpoint was change in six-minute walk distance (6MWD) over 48 weeks. The proof-of-concept study demonstrated increased dystrophin production in post-treatment muscle biopsies from ataluren-treated patients with nmDMD. The Phase 2b results demonstrated an ataluren treatment effect in 6MWD, timed function tests, and other measures of physical functioning, The Phase 3 ACT DMD results demonstrated an ataluren treatment effect in patients with nmDMD in both primary and secondary endpoints, particularly in those with a baseline 6MWD of 300-400m. Ataluren was consistently well-tolerated in all three trials, as well as in the ongoing extension studies. Trial findings will be presented in detail. Conclusions: The totality of the results demonstrates that ataluren enables nonsense mutation readthrough in the dystrophin mRNA, producing functional dystrophin and slowing disease progression.
Supported by: PTC Therapeutics Inc.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Interleukin-6 as a predictor of symptom resolution in psychological distress: a cohort study
- M. Virtanen, M. J. Shipley, G. D. Batty, M. Hamer, C. L. Allan, G. D. Lowe, K. P. Ebmeier, T. N. Akbaraly, H. Alenius, R. Haapakoski, A. Singh-Manoux, M. Kivimäki
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 45 / Issue 10 / July 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 February 2015, pp. 2137-2144
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Background
Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been associated with the development of common mental disorders, such as depression, but its role in symptom resolution is unclear.
MethodWe examined the association between IL-6 and symptom resolution in a non-clinical sample of participants with psychological distress.
ResultsRelative to high IL-6 levels, low levels at baseline were associated with symptom resolution at follow-up [age- and sex-adjusted risk ratio (RR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.25]. Further adjustment for covariates had little effect on the association. Symptomatic participants with repeated low IL-6 were more likely to be symptom-free at follow-up compared with those with repeated high IL-6 (RR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.03–1.41). Among the symptomatic participants with elevated IL-6 at baseline, IL-6 decreased along with symptom resolution.
ConclusionsIL-6 is potentially related to the mechanisms underlying recovery from symptoms of mental ill health. Further studies are needed to examine these mechanisms and to confirm the findings in relation to clinical depression.
Contributors
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- By Ainsworth Shaaron, Ayres Paul, Azevedo Roger, Bediou Benoit, Britt Anne, Kirsten R. Butcher, Chen Fei, Michelene T. H. Chi, Richard E. Clark, Ruth Colvin Clark, Sharon J. Derry, David F. Feldon, Fiorella Logan, J. D. Fletcher, Arthur C. Graesser, Hegarty Mary, HU Xiangen, Allison J. Jaeger, Janssen Jeroen, Cheryl I. Johnson, Ton De Jong, Kalyuga Slava, Kester Liesbeth, Kirschner Femke, Paul A. Kirschner, Susanne P. Lajoie, Ard W. Lazonder, Leutner Detlev, Low Renae, Richard K. Lowe, Richard E. Mayer, Benjamin D. Nye, Paas Fred, Pilegard Celeste, Jan L. Plass, Heather A. Priest, Renkl Alexander, Rouet Jean-FranÇois, Christopher A. Sanchez, Scheiter Katharina, Schmeck Annett, Schnotz Wolfgang, Ruth N. Schwartz, Bruce L. Sherin, Miriam Gamoran Sherin, Sweller John, Tobias Sigmund, Tamara Van Gog, Jeroen J. G. Van MerriËNboer, Jennifer Wiley, Alexander P. Wind, Ruth Wylie
- Edited by Richard E. Mayer, University of California, Santa Barbara
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning
- Published online:
- 05 August 2014
- Print publication:
- 28 July 2014, pp ix-x
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Book:
- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 May 2014
- Print publication:
- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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- By Frank Andrasik, Melissa R. Andrews, Ana Inés Ansaldo, Evangelos G. Antzoulatos, Lianhua Bai, Ellen Barrett, Linamara Battistella, Nicolas Bayle, Michael S. Beattie, Peter J. Beek, Serafin Beer, Heinrich Binder, Claire Bindschaedler, Sarah Blanton, Tasia Bobish, Michael L. Boninger, Joseph F. Bonner, Chadwick B. Boulay, Vanessa S. Boyce, Anna-Katharine Brem, Jacqueline C. Bresnahan, Floor E. Buma, Mary Bartlett Bunge, John H. Byrne, Jeffrey R. Capadona, Stefano F. Cappa, Diana D. Cardenas, Leeanne M. Carey, S. Thomas Carmichael, Glauco A. P. Caurin, Pablo Celnik, Kimberly M. Christian, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Adriana B. Conforto, Rory A. Cooper, Rosemarie Cooper, Steven C. Cramer, Armin Curt, Mark D’Esposito, Matthew B. Dalva, Gavriel David, Brandon Delia, Wenbin Deng, Volker Dietz, Bruce H. Dobkin, Marco Domeniconi, Edith Durand, Tracey Vause Earland, Georg Ebersbach, Jonathan J. Evans, James W. Fawcett, Uri Feintuch, Toby A. Ferguson, Marie T. Filbin, Diasinou Fioravante, Itzhak Fischer, Agnes Floel, Herta Flor, Karim Fouad, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, Peter H. Gorman, Thomas W. Gould, Jean-Michel Gracies, Amparo Gutierrez, Kurt Haas, C.D. Hall, Hans-Peter Hartung, Zhigang He, Jordan Hecker, Susan J. Herdman, Seth Herman, Leigh R. Hochberg, Ahmet Höke, Fay B. Horak, Jared C. Horvath, Richard L. Huganir, Friedhelm C. Hummel, Beata Jarosiewicz, Frances E. Jensen, Michael Jöbges, Larry M. Jordan, Jon H. Kaas, Andres M. Kanner, Noomi Katz, Matthew S. Kayser, Annmarie Kelleher, Gerd Kempermann, Timothy E. Kennedy, Jürg Kesselring, Fary Khan, Rachel Kizony, Jeffery D. Kocsis, Boudewijn J. Kollen, Hubertus Köller, John W. Krakauer, Hermano I. Krebs, Gert Kwakkel, Bradley Lang, Catherine E. Lang, Helmar C. Lehmann, Angelo C. Lepore, Glenn S. Le Prell, Mindy F. Levin, Joel M. Levine, David A. Low, Marilyn MacKay-Lyons, Jeffrey D. Macklis, Margaret Mak, Francine Malouin, William C. Mann, Paul D. Marasco, Christopher J. Mathias, Laura McClure, Jan Mehrholz, Lorne M. Mendell, Robert H. Miller, Carol Milligan, Beth Mineo, Simon W. Moore, Jennifer Morgan, Charbel E-H. Moussa, Martin Munz, Randolph J. Nudo, Joseph J. Pancrazio, Theresa Pape, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Kristin M. Pearson-Fuhrhop, P. Hunter Peckham, Tamara L. Pelleshi, Catherine Verrier Piersol, Thomas Platz, Marcus Pohl, Dejan B. Popović, Andrew M. Poulos, Maulik Purohit, Hui-Xin Qi, Debbie Rand, Mahendra S. Rao, Josef P. Rauschecker, Aimee Reiss, Carol L. Richards, Keith M. Robinson, Melvyn Roerdink, John C. Rosenbek, Serge Rossignol, Edward S. Ruthazer, Arash Sahraie, Krishnankutty Sathian, Marc H. Schieber, Brian J. Schmidt, Michael E. Selzer, Mijail D. Serruya, Himanshu Sharma, Michael Shifman, Jerry Silver, Thomas Sinkjær, George M. Smith, Young-Jin Son, Tim Spencer, John D. Steeves, Oswald Steward, Sheela Stuart, Austin J. Sumner, Chin Lik Tan, Robert W. Teasell, Gareth Thomas, Aiko K. Thompson, Richard F. Thompson, Wesley J. Thompson, Erika Timar, Ceri T. Trevethan, Christopher Trimby, Gary R. Turner, Mark H. Tuszynski, Erna A. van Niekerk, Ricardo Viana, Difei Wang, Anthony B. Ward, Nick S. Ward, Stephen G. Waxman, Patrice L. Weiss, Jörg Wissel, Steven L. Wolf, Jonathan R. Wolpaw, Sharon Wood-Dauphinee, Ross D. Zafonte, Binhai Zheng, Richard D. Zorowitz
- Edited by Michael E. Selzer, Stephanie Clarke, Leonardo G. Cohen, Gert Kwakkel, Robert H. Miller, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
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- Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation
- Published online:
- 05 June 2014
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- 24 April 2014, pp ix-xvi
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MALT90: The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz Survey
- J. M. Jackson, J. M. Rathborne, J. B. Foster, J. S. Whitaker, P. Sanhueza, C. Claysmith, J. L. Mascoop, M. Wienen, S. L. Breen, F. Herpin, A. Duarte-Cabral, T. Csengeri, S. N. Longmore, Y. Contreras, B. Indermuehle, P. J. Barnes, A. J. Walsh, M. R. Cunningham, K. J. Brooks, T. R. Britton, M. A. Voronkov, J. S. Urquhart, J. Alves, C. H. Jordan, T. Hill, S. Hoq, S. C. Finn, I. Bains, S. Bontemps, L. Bronfman, J. L. Caswell, L. Deharveng, S. P. Ellingsen, G. A. Fuller, G. Garay, J. A. Green, L. Hindson, P. A. Jones, C. Lenfestey, N. Lo, V. Lowe, D. Mardones, K. M. Menten, V. Minier, L. K. Morgan, F. Motte, E. Muller, N. Peretto, C. R. Purcell, P. Schilke, Schneider-N. Bontemps, F. Schuller, A. Titmarsh, F. Wyrowski, A. Zavagno
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 30 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 November 2013, e057
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The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) survey aims to characterise the physical and chemical evolution of high-mass star-forming clumps. Exploiting the unique broad frequency range and on-the-fly mapping capabilities of the Australia Telescope National Facility Mopra 22 m single-dish telescope1, MALT90 has obtained 3′ × 3′ maps towards ~2 000 dense molecular clumps identified in the ATLASGAL 870 μm Galactic plane survey. The clumps were selected to host the early stages of high-mass star formation and to span the complete range in their evolutionary states (from prestellar, to protostellar, and on to $\mathrm{H\,{\scriptstyle {II}}}$ regions and photodissociation regions). Because MALT90 mapped 16 lines simultaneously with excellent spatial (38 arcsec) and spectral (0.11 km s−1) resolution, the data reveal a wealth of information about the clumps’ morphologies, chemistry, and kinematics. In this paper we outline the survey strategy, observing mode, data reduction procedure, and highlight some early science results. All MALT90 raw and processed data products are available to the community. With its unprecedented large sample of clumps, MALT90 is the largest survey of its type ever conducted and an excellent resource for identifying interesting candidates for high-resolution studies with ALMA.
Contributors
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- By Brian Abaluck, Imran M. Ahmed, Torbjörn Åkerstedt, Sonia Ancoli-Israel, Anna Anund, Donna L. Arand, Isabelle Arnulf, Fiona C. Baker, Thomas J. Balkin, Christian R. Baumann, Michel Billiard, Michael H. Bonnet, Meredith Broderick, Christian Cajochen, Scott S. Campbell, Sarah Laxhmi Chellappa, Fabio Cirignotta, Yves Dauvilliers, David F. Dinges, Christopher L. Drake, Neil T. Feldman, Catherine S. Fichten, Charles F. P. George, Namni Goel, Christian Guilleminault, Shelby F. Harris, Melinda L. Jackson, Joseph Kaleyias, Göran Kecklund, William D. S. Killgore, Sanjeev V. Kothare, Andrew D. Krystal, Clete A. Kushida, Luc Laberge, Gert Jan Lammers, Christopher P. Landrigan, Sandrine H. Launois, Patrick Levy, Eva Libman, Yinghui Low, Jennifer L. Martin, Una D. McCann, Renee Monderer, Patricia J. Murphy, Sona Nevsimalova, Seiji Nishino, Eric A. Nofzinger, Maurice M. Ohayon, Masashi Okuro, Jean-Louis Pepin, Fabio Pizza, Anil N. Rama, David B. Rye, Paula K. Schweitzer, Hideto Shinno, Renaud Tamsier, Michael J. Thorpy, Astrid van der Heide, Hans P. A. Van Dongen, Mari Viola-Saltzman, Jim Waterhouse, Nathaniel F. Watson, Rajive Zachariah
- Edited by Michael J. Thorpy, Michel Billiard
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- Book:
- Sleepiness
- Published online:
- 04 February 2011
- Print publication:
- 27 January 2011, pp vii-x
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A quick and efficient method for interruption of bacterial conjugation*
- Brooks Low, T. H. Wood
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- Journal:
- Genetical Research / Volume 6 / Issue 2 / July 1965
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 April 2009, pp. 300-303
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Jacob & Wollman (1961) produced interruption of chromosome transfer during conjugation in E. coli K-12 by exposing conjugating pairs to high shear forces created by a propeller-type mixer (a Waring blendor). In our laboratory, efforts to use this method were not completely successful because of the relatively long times required to ‘blend’ each sample and the large variations from sample to sample in the efficiency of separating mating couples (‘blending efficiency’). The variations in blending efficiency were thought to be due to lack of homogeneity of mixing in the blendor chamber. We have obtained much more satisfactory results by using a vibratory mixer which shakes the entire sample chamber and thoroughly agitates all the cells. Furthermore this vibratory blendor is much easier to use and permits taking at least twice as many samples per unit time, as compared to the usual blendor method.
Pain versus bleeding risk following tonsillectomy: do patients and doctors agree?
- T-H Low, P Harris, A Esterman, A S Carney
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 123 / Issue 9 / September 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2009, pp. 1015-1020
- Print publication:
- September 2009
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Objective:
To investigate the differing opinions of patients and medical practitioners regarding the relative priorities of pain relief versus bleeding prevention following tonsillectomy.
Methods:Questionnaires were mailed out to adult patients, paediatric patients' parents, general practitioners and ENT surgeons.
Results:A total of 72/112 (64.3 per cent) questionnaires were returned. Adult patients, paediatric patients' parents, general practitioners and ENT surgeons all ranked bleeding as the most important factor when assessing risks related to tonsillectomy. Most adult patients indicated that they would accept a bleeding risk of 2 per cent; however, parents indicated that they would accept a higher bleeding risk (3 per cent) for their children in exchange for better pain control.
Conclusions:Adult patients, paediatric patients' parents and doctors were slightly more inclined to ‘trade-off’ an increased post-tonsillectomy bleeding risk in exchange for better post-tonsillectomy pain control, although concerns about post-operative haemorrhage remained the main priority for all groups.
An unsteady wake-source model for flow past an oscillating circular cylinder and its implications for Morison's equation
- Y. T. Chew, H. T. Low, S. C. Wong, K. T. Tan
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 240 / July 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 627-650
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A potential-flow modelling of flow past an oscillating circular cylinder with separated wake is developed here based on Parkinson & Jandali's (1970) wake-source model for steady flow. The phase-averaged pressure distributions, the in-line force coefficients, as well as the drag and added-mass coefficients, for an in-line oscillating circular cylinder in a steady free-stream flow are computed using the present ‘unsteady wake-source model’. The results show that Morison's equation is in some cases a satisfactory model in the study of unsteady bluff-body aerodynamics.
The two-dimensional incompressible potential-flow model simulates the effect of flow separation in unsteady flow by placing surface sources, with time-dependent strength and angular positions on the rear wetted surface of the body, and downstream sinks to form a closed wake model in the transformed plane. The unsteady Bernoulli equation is used to obtain the time-dependent pressure distributions over the front wetted surface, from which the in-line force coefficients are obtained through integration.
The in-line force equation obtained from the present model is shown to be comprised of an uncoupled drag term and inertia terms. The corresponding hydrodynamie coefficients obtained for the case of oscillatory flow are also more realistic than those obtained in a potential-flow calculation without flow separation which gives a drag coefficient of zero and a constant inertia coefficient of 2.0. The in-line force equation is reduced to the familiar Morison's equation with some simplifications and thus provides some support to the much criticized Morison's equation in the study of unsteady separated flow.
Another interesting feature of the present model is that it enables the calculation of instantaneous drag and inertia coefficients which have not been successfully obtained previously. In the cases considered here, the variations of drag and inertia coefficients over a cycle are shown to be small and thus the Morison's equation using mean coefficients is shown to predict the in-line forces rather precisely.
The present model was compared with experimental measurements obtained by oscillating a 0.1 m diameter circular cylinder along the direction of free-stream flow. The pressure distributions and in-line force coefficients agree well with the experimental measurements for velocity ratio rω/U∞ up to 0.25, reduced velocity U∞T/d down to 50 and Keulegan—Carpenter number 2πr/d up to 17, where r, ω, T, U∞ and d are the amplitude of oscillation, angular frequency, period of oscillation, free-stream velocity and diameter of the cylinder respectively. The computed drag and inertia coefficients also agree well with those obtained experimentally by previous investigators.
Field observations of orbital velocities and pressure in weakly nonlinear surface gravity waves
- T. H. C. Herbers, R. L. Lowe, R. T. Guza
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 245 / December 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 413-435
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Field measurements of wave orbital velocities and pressure, collected in the lower part of the water column in 7 m depth with a three-component acoustic Doppler current meter and a co-located pressure transducer, are compared to the second-order theory for weakly nonlinear surface gravity waves in arbitrary water depth (Hasselmann 1962). Pressure and velocity spectra and cross-spectra are in excellent agreement with (linear) free wave transfer functions, even at (and higher than) twice the spectral peak frequency where nonlinearities (forced secondary waves) are expected to be important. Theoretical predictions show that although secondary waves sometimes contribute a significant fraction of the energy observed at double swell and sea frequencies, their effect on velocity-pressure transfer functions is small. However, forced waves are more apparent in deviations from Gaussian statistics. Good agreement between observed and predicted third-order statistics shows that Hasselmann's weakly nonlinear theory accurately describes the secondary pressure and orbital velocity (both horizontal and vertical components) field at double swell and sea frequencies, even for moderately large (0(0.1–0.2)) values of the nonlinear perturbation parameter. Only with near-breaking swell and relatively strong nonlinearities (perturbation parameter ≈ 0.22), do the observed third-order statistics diverge significantly from Hasselmann's theory.
Two-dimensional impervious sails: experimental results compared with theory
- B. G. Newman, H. T. Low
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 144 / July 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 April 2006, pp. 445-462
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Experiments have been made on quasi two-dimensional sails of small camber and at small incidence. Four excess-length ratios have been tested at a Reynolds number of 1.2 x 105. The results for lift, tension, centre of lift, maximum camber and its position, and leading- and trailing-edge membrane angles have been compared with existing inviscid theories and show poor agreement in general. This is attributed to leading- and trailing-edge flow separations as indicated by supplementary flow-visualization experiments. The optimum incidences in particular are much greater than the theoretical value of 0°. Luffing occurs at slightly negative incidences and appears to be a dynamic instability. The highest lift-to-drag ratio obtained was 16.5 on a membrane with an excess-length ratio of 0.03.
Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase reduces the propofol requirements in wild-type and nNOS knockout mice
- T. Engelhardt, P. R. Lowe, H. F. Galley, N. R. Webster
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- Journal:
- European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 23 / Issue 3 / March 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 January 2006, pp. 197-201
- Print publication:
- March 2006
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Summary
Background and objective: The glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway has been identified as a potential target for anaesthetic agents. However, mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase have a similar susceptibility to volatile anaesthetic agents to wild-type mice and are not affected by non-isoform selective inhibitors. We hypothesized that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase selective inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, would also reduce the propofol requirements in wild-type mice but would have no effect in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. Methods: We determined the time to loss of righting reflex, time to painful stimulus and time to regaining the righting reflex in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout and wild-type mice following the intraperitoneal injection of propofol in untreated, 7-nitroindazole and vehicle only treated animals (n = 6 per group). Propofol (200 mg kg−1) resulted in loss of righting reflex in the untreated and vehicle only groups but was lethal in 7-nitroindazole pre-treated mice, requiring a reduced dose of propofol (100 mg kg−1). Results: 7-nitroindazole pre-treatment significantly reduced the loss of righting reflex (P < 0.001) in both wild-type and knockout mice when compared to untreated and vehicle only pre-treated animals, but had no effect on time to painful stimulus or regaining of the righting reflex. 7-nitroindazole reduced the propofol requirements in knockout mice to the same extent as in wild-type animals. Conclusions: Propofol exerts its anaesthetic effects at least partially via the glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. The neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice are sensitive to neuronal nitric oxide synthase selective inhibition suggesting that compensatory pathways in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice exist.
Effects of DC Bias on the Thermal Stability of DC In-Line Sputtered CoCrTa/Cr Thin Film Media
- J. P. Wang, L. P. Tan, T. Y. F. Liew, T. S. Low, H. L. Wong, Y. K. Lee
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 517 / January 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 273
- Print publication:
- January 1998
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The effects of DC bias on the thermal stability and magnetic anisotropy of CoCrTa/Cr thin film media fabricated by using a DC in-line sputtering machine is presented in this paper. In sputtering, a negative DC bias voltage, varying from 0 to 400 V, was applied for the CoCrTa layer. The coercivity was observed to increase almost linearly from 1800 to 2300 Oe for negative bias voltage from 0 to 400V. The thermal stability of these media was studied by measuring the time decay of remanent magnetization under various reverse magnetic fields. The maximum value of the magnetic viscosity coefficient, which happens around remanent coercivity of each samples, decreases with increasing substrate bias voltage. This implies an improvement in the thermal stability of the CoCrTa/Cr thin film media. The magnetic anisotropy constants were measured using both a torque magnetometer and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The magnetic anisotropy measured using torque magnetometer decreases, while that measured using the method of the law of approach to saturation was found to be almost constant, with increasing bias voltage. The activation volumes decreased with increasing bias voltage. The magnetic hardness coefficient determined using the law of approach to saturation, indicating the number of in-depth defects in the CoCrTa layer, increased with increasing bias voltage. The internal stress in these films measured using X-ray diffractometer also supported the existence of in-depth defects. The pinning of the rotation of magnetization by these defects in the magnetic grains maybe responsible for the improvement of thermal stability.